Global Decision Making

Introduction The modern business environment is characterized by high competition, integration of markets, and changing economic trends. As a result, businesses have embarked on joining international markets to improve their sales and profits.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global Decision Making specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Companies that have adopted global strategies are increasingly finding it difficult to manage organizational behavior due to the social, cultural, and economic differences in the markets that they serve. This paper sheds light on the importance of understanding the international dimensions of organizational behavior in the process of making global decisions. It will also discuss how managers can be more effective by understanding the international dimensions of organizational behavior. International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior The main international dimensions or aspects of org anizational behavior include people, structure, technology, and environment. A clear understanding of these aspects of organizational behavior can help a global manager to make ethical decisions in the following ways. First, understanding people enables managers to make ethical human resource and stakeholder management decisions. People refer to the individuals or groups of individuals who establish an organization and work to achieve its objectives. Thus, it includes stakeholders such as employees and owners of an organization. Multinational companies hire employees from different cultural backgrounds. Culture determines the way employees communicate, solve problems, work, and interact with their colleagues. This means that employees will always interpret the decisions made by their managers according to their cultural values, beliefs, and traditions. A decision that affects employees or any other stakeholder of the organization is considered to be ethical if it respects the cultur e of the affected parties.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, a decision that is considered to be ethical in the US might be perceived to be unethical in Japan. For instance, staff promotions in the US are mainly based on performance. By contrast, seniority is a key determinant of staff promotion decisions in Japan. Thus, directing an old Japanese employee to report to his younger colleague is likely to be considered as an unethical decision. By contrast, this decision will be considered to be ethical in the US. In a nutshell, managers must understand and appreciate the norms, beliefs, attitudes, and traditions of the employees and stakeholders that they deal with in each market or country in order to make ethical decisions. Second, global managers need to understand the organizational structures that are used in various overseas markets in order to make ethical managemen t decisions. Structure provides a formal framework that delineates the relationships among members of the organization. It also determines the flow of work and communication among employees. Organizational structures vary from region to region. Most western companies such as IBM and Barclays Bank have dynamic organizational structures that facilitate seamless interactions among employees. Thus, most western companies have few management levels and encourage direct communication between managers and employees. By contrast, Chinese companies use a hierarchical organizational structure in which the company is directed by the top management. The managers, on the other hand, lead the employees. A clear understanding of the influence of organizational structure on the relationships among employees enables manages to make ethical decisions concerning accountability, communication, and staff involvement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global Decision Making specifica lly for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In western countries where companies use flat organizational structures, managers are considered to be ethical if they consult employees before making important decisions. Managers must recognize that employees have a right to express their views and to hold different opinions. In countries where companies use hierarchical structures, ethical management decisions ensure that each functional unit is accountable for its performance to promote fairness and high performance. Third, managers who have a clear understanding of the level of application of technology in various parts of the world are likely to make ethical decisions concerning their operations. Technology is an important element of organizational behavior since it determines the level of cost-efficiency, product quality, and production capacity. Technology has positive and negative implications for the environment and employees. Thus, people have differ ent perceptions and attitudes towards technology in various parts of the world. For instance, in African countries where unemployment rate is very high, workers and trade unions resist technologies that replace human labor. However, companies must still adopt technologies that promote automation in order to reduce costs and to increase their productivity. Thus, a manager who understands the impact of technology on the society will be able to make decisions that promote the use of production techniques that minimize harm to various stakeholders and maximize benefits to the company.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This perspective is based on the fact that an ethical decision must promote responsibility and fairness. Understanding the effects of technology enables managers to make ethical decisions that encourage the spirit of altruism. Finally, global managers must understand the business environment in which they operate in order to make ethical decisions. The external environment of an organization consists of six major factors. These include political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors. Undoubtedly, these variables vary from country to country. The effects of the external environmental factors on businesses can only be addressed in an ethical manner if they are clearly understood. Managers who understand political factors such as industry regulations will be able to make ethical decisions by complying with all reporting and operational requirements. Similarly, global managers will be able to make ethical decisions concerning their production and marketing s trategies if they understand social factors such as citizens’ attitudes and beliefs in various countries. For instance, an advert that has a picture of a woman is highly accepted in the US and most European countries. However, using a picture of a woman in an advert in Saudi Arabia is considered to be unethical since it contravenes Islamic teachings and the country’s traditions. In a nutshell, a clear understanding of the business environment enables global managers to make ethical decisions by avoiding to break rules or to engage in activities that undermine established social norms in various countries. Effective Global Managers An understanding of the international dimensions of organizational behavior can help someone to become a better global manager in the following ways. First, it enables global managers to motivate a multicultural workforce. Motivation is achieved by understanding and fulfilling the needs of employees. Needs are deficiencies that influence empl oyees to behave in a particular manner to achieve a predetermined outcome. Understanding the organizational and the national culture in a given country, as well as, the external business environment enables global managers to identify employees’ needs. For example, intrinsic rewards such as staff promotions and recognition are highly regarded in masculine cultures. However, employees from low income countries are likely to be more interested in extrinsic rewards such as bonus pay to improve their purchasing power. Thus, a global manager will be able to influence employees to behave in a particular way if he is able to understand their needs and to provide appropriate rewards to fulfill them. Second, understanding the international dimensions of organizational behavior improves global managers’ leadership abilities. The contingency theory of leadership postulates that a good leader links his behavior to the situation at hand. Specifically, the leadership style that a go od leader adopts depends on the situation that he is dealing with in terms of business objectives, as well as, employees’ values and skills. For instance, a country where employees value freedom of expression and autonomy, a global manager can be a good leader if he is democratic. Similarly, a production-oriented leadership style will be appropriate in an organization where employees are high motivated. Thus, a global manager will be effective if he can understand the situation associated with the various elements of organizational behavior and to utilize the appropriate leadership style. Third, global managers can enhance their communication skills by understanding organizational behavior. Different cultures often use different communication styles. Most western cultures use direct communication styles where people say exactly what they mean. By contrast, most Asian cultures use indirect communication styles. This means that a global manager who is in charge of a diverse wor kforce can create confusion and misunderstandings if he uses the wrong communication style. Global managers can overcome this challenge by taking time to study and understand the interactions among employees, the communication styles used in their organizations, and the role of technology in communication. Fourth, understanding the international dimensions of organizational behavior improves global managers’ ability to manage power and conflict in their organizations. Power refers to â€Å"the ability to influence the behavior of others†. The organizational structure is the main source of legitimate power in most companies. The structure defines the power that is associated with various positions in the company. There are also several forms of power that do not emanate from the organizational structure. Nonetheless, they have immense effects on organizational performance. These forms of power include expert power, coercive power, and referent power. Misuse of power oft en results into interpersonal and intergroup conflicts. Conflicts often arise when the organizational structure fails to define the officers who have the right to make decisions in every situation. For instance, engineers who have expert power often disagree with CEOs who approve projects without their consent. Global managers can prevent conflicts if they understand the sources of power straggles within their organizations. This enables them to distribute power fairly, thereby avoiding conflicts. Conclusion Given the dynamics of the modern business environment, global managers have to understand the international dimensions of organizational behavior in order to make ethical decisions. Specifically, understanding organizational behavior enables global managers to make ethical decisions concerning personnel management, stakeholder management, and application of technology. Moreover, it enables global managers to respond to external factors such as industry regulations in an ethical manner. Global managers can be more effective in leadership, communication, and conflict management if they understand the international dimensions of organizational behavior. Works Cited Bredeson, Dean. Applied Business Ethics. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2011. Print. Hellriegel, Don and John Slocum. Organizational Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Print. Luthans, Fred. Organizational Behavior. London: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print. This essay on Global Decision Making was written and submitted by user Cain Bradford to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Italian Definite Articles

Italian Definite Articles In English, the definite article (larticolo determinativo) has only one form: the. In Italian, on the other hand, l’articolo determinativo has different forms according to the gender, number, and even the first letter of the noun or adjective it precedes. It’s meant to indicate a precise, quantifiable object or person. This makes learning definite articles a bit more complicated, but once you know the structure, it’s relatively simple to get used to. il quaderno e la penna - the notebook and pen: In this example, the definite articles are â€Å"il† and â€Å"la.†i ragazzi e le ragazze - the boys and girls: In this example, the definite articles are â€Å"i† and â€Å"le.† Heres a table with the definite articles. Singular Plural Masculine il, lo, l i, gli Feminine la, l le Sometimes the articles can be tricky to pronounce (especially â€Å"gli†). When To Use  Definite Articles Here is a list of general rules for when to use definite articles. 1. Lo (pl. gli) is used before masculine nouns beginning with s consonant or z, like â€Å"lo zaino - the backpack† or â€Å"gli scoiattoli - the squirrels†. You will also see â€Å"lo† being used with masculine nouns that begin with â€Å"gn,† like â€Å"lo gnomo.† Here are some examples. lorologio- gli orologi watch- watcheslamico- gli amici friend- friends lo yoga   yogalo yogurt yogurtlo specchio- gli specchi mirror- mirrorslo stadio- gli stadi stadium- stadiumslo psicologo- gli psicologi psychologist- psychologistslo zero- gli zeri zero- zeros NOTE: there are a few exceptions: il dio- gli dà ¨i god- godsper lo meno at leastper lo pià ¹Ã‚  Ã‚  mostly 2. Il (pl. i) is used before masculine nouns beginning with all other consonants, like â€Å"il cibo - the food† or â€Å"i vestiti - the clothes.† 3. L’ (pl. gli) is used before masculine nouns beginning with a vowel, like â€Å"l’aeroporto - the airport,† 4. La (pl. le) is used before feminine nouns beginning with any consonant, like â€Å"la borsa - the purse† or â€Å"le scarpe - the shoes.† Here are some examples: la stazione- le stazioni train station- train stationsla zia- le zie aunt- auntslamica her friendlautomobile the car 5. L’ (pl. le) is used before feminine nouns beginning with a vowel, like â€Å"l’amica - the friend† or â€Å"le donne - the women.† The article agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies and is repeated before each noun. la Coca–Cola e l’aranciata - the Coke and orangeadegli italiani e i giapponesi - the Italians and the Japanesele zie e gli zii - the aunts and unclesle zie e il nonno - the aunts and the grandfather The first letter of the word immediately following the article determines the article’s form. Compare the following: il giorno (the day) → l’altro giorno (the other day)lo zio (the uncle) → il vecchio zio (the old uncle)i ragazzi (the boys) → gli stessi ragazzi (the same boys)l’amica (the girl  friend) → la nuova amica (the new girl friend) Tips When Using Definite Articles In Italian, the definite article must always be used before the name of a language, except when the verbs parlare (to speak) or studiare (to study) come before the name of the language; in those cases, its up to you whether you want to use it or not. Studio l’italiano. - I study Italian.Studio italiano e arabo. - I study Italian and Arabic.Parlo italiano. - I speak Italian.Parlo l’italiano e il russo. - I speak Italian and Russian.Parlo bene l’italiano. - I speak Italian well. The definite article is also used before the days of the week  to indicate a repeated, habitual activity. Domenica studio. - I’m studying on Sunday. → Marco non studia mai la domenica. - Marco never studies on Sundays.Il lunedà ¬ vado al cinema (ogni lunedà ¬). - On Mondays, I go to the movies.On Monday I go to the movies. (Every Monday)Cosa fai di solito il giovedà ¬? - What do you usually do on thursday evenings?Di solito vado a giocare a carte con i miei nonni -   On thursday, usually I go and play cards with my grandparents. Finally, another common situation where the definite article is used is with telling the time. Notice here though that the article is combined with a preposition making something called an articulated preposition. Mi sono svegliato all’una. - I woke up at one.Vado a scuola alle dieci. - I’m going to school at ten. You can use it to indicate a category or a species in a generic sense: Il cane à ¨ il miglior amico delluomo (tutti i cani). - Dog is mans best friend (all dogs).Luomo à ¨ dotato di ragione. - Man is endowed with reason. (To talk about â€Å"every man†) Or to indicate a particular thing or an object: Hai visto il film? (quel film) - Have you seen the movie? (that movie)Hai visto il professore? - Have you seen the professor?Mi hanno rubato il portafogli. - They stole my wallet.Non trovo pià ¹ le scarpe. - I can’t find my shoes. You’ll also want to use it when preceding possessive pronouns: Lauto di Carlo à ¨ nuova, la mia no. - Charless car is new, but mine isnt. Or with geographical destinations, like: continents: lEuropacountries: lItaliaregions: la Toscanalarge islands: la Siciliaoceans: il Mediterraneolakes: il Gardarivers: il Pomountains: il Cervino (the Matterhorn) And finally, with parts of the body: Mi fa male la testa.- My head hurts. Definite Articles with Names Use definite articles with the last names of famous female celebrities: la Garbola Loren With all surnames in the plural: i Verrigli Strozzi With nicknames and pseudonyms: il Barbarossail Grisoil Canalettoil Caravaggio With proper names used without any specification: Mario but: il signor Mario With the last names of famous or well-known male characters, if not preceded by an adjective or title: Mozart but: il grande Mozart NOTE: There are instances in which the definite article is used, especially when referring to Italian writers: il Petrarcail Manzoni

Project management report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project management report - Essay Example 16, Rawls, 2001, p. 18; Relu & Mihaela, 2009, p. 349). This paper explores the need for project management that will help strategically put direction on how these changes sought by the government be systematically developed and implemented. Considering the magnitude of impact of the program and the project, the researcher proposed that this should not be simultaneously undertaken (e.g. construction of the super penology first before conduct of actual closure to ascertain that there is proper transfer of reformatory site for criminals or prisoners) to ensure that there is clear financial resources that will support the changes sought and to have concrete project management structure as framework for both program and project implementation (Tittle, 1974, p. 385). Introduction The penology is part of the social justice system. Guilty offenders are held put behind bars to make them accountable under criminal justice processes; it is an integrated art of redistributing justice as well as to help rectify and reform an offender’s wrongdoing through punishment (Robinson, 2005, p. 8; Miller, 1999, p. 20). ... prisons that will displace thousands of prisoners and how it will deal with human resources that will be negatively impacted with this introduced program (Bent, 1989, p. 2). This paper will discuss project management and its application and correlation to recent problem at hand that will affect the Ministry of Justice and the rest of the stakeholders of penology. Background to the project England is about to close seven of its prisons and two others will have partial closure which will loss 2,600 places and could save an estimated ?63m operational budget per year (BBC News, 2013, p. 1). Responding to questions on the implication of these closures, the Ministry of Justice however assured that super prison with 2,000 places will be built in London which is targeted as 25% bigger than Britain's current facility (BBC News, 2013, p. 1). It is reckoned that in 2009, the parliament scrapped its plan for three 2,500-place Titan prisons (BBC News, 2013, p. 1). Authorities bared that aside fro m super prison, mini-prisons house blocks at Parc in south Wales, Peterborough in Cambridgeshire, the Mount in Hertfordshire, and Thameside in London that will accommodate 1,260 (BBC News, 2013, p. 1). MoJ announcement came following government bared plan to permit the private firms and charities to supervise low-risk offenders on probation in England and Wales (BBC News, 2013, p. 1). About 1,177 prison staff will be affected of this prison closure and will be redeployed and be offered of voluntary redundancy (BBC News, 2013, p. 1). The penology centres in Chelmsford and Hull, will also affect 854 staff (BBC News, 2013, p. 1). The court is however yet to translate its strategy of â€Å"custodial estate is to ensure that we have sufficient places to meet the demand of the courts whilst

Career Opportunities in Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Career Opportunities in Health Care - Essay Example This seemed to my source of inspiration to take Optometry and other factors like passion in the medical field and interest in helping other people. Moreover, I love the program involved in Optometry since one can balance between work and family. This paper will seek to describe the reasons behind my interest in Optometry as a career. An optometrist is one of those fields that give people hope through professional practices to improve and treat patients who suffer from the vision ailments and diseases. This acts as one of the main factors that inspired me to Optometry. When I was a kid, I suffered from amblyopia which is a common eye problem that affects the children and especially the infants and it threatened my vision for life. When I was taken to an Optometrist, my condition was corrected and I regained my vision due to the professionalism of my doctor. This experience changed my life and inspired me to a level that I only considered Optometry as the only career option. It has inspired me to study and research more about vision health since I was a child and I have been passionately interested in attending or helping people suffering from vision challenges. It is also a fulfilling professional sense, there is a decent salary and one gets time to work and rest thus can balance on family time and work (Gordon, 2 011). Optometry is one of the most interesting and desirable jobs in the world today. It has flexible working schedules, a rewarding career, personal gratification, and is in high demand in the job market. It is ranked among the top jobs in America. One is allowed to work for only 37 hours a week and this gives the doctor time to balance his time. It is rewarding because a professional Optometrist earns up to $130,000 monthly salary (Field, 2007).

Personal Definition of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Definition of Nursing - Essay Example Just like other courses and occupations, nursing has particularly defined professional values, principles and rules, and personal attributes required in order to ensure maximum service delivery to the patients. Since nursing is all about maintaining health care of community, professional values required of the practitioners involve devotion to promote: health, disease prevention, healing process, growth and development. Furthermore, professional values in the field of nursing include readiness to minimize stress and suffering of the patients, and offer advice to the patients regarding how to cope with certain diseases or disorders. This is mainly possible through stating treatment process of a particular disease and the possible consequences likely to affect the treatment process. The profession of nursing requires practitioners to ensure utmost efforts in safeguarding the safety of patients despite the critical condition of the patients. Nursing is not an easy practice considering the challenges faced by practitioners in this field. The greatest part of nursing involves interaction with people of different personalities and characters suffering from a variety of diseases, some being communicable. Cultural, political, social, religious and gender diversity encompass the greatest challenges likely to be faced by nurses. In order to survive and remain active in this field, practitioners are expected to prove certain personal values. To start with, individuals serving in the field of nursing should be tolerant. ... This is mainly possible through stating treatment process of a particular disease and the possible consequences likely to affect the treatment process. The profession of nursing requires practitioners to ensure utmost efforts in safeguarding the safety of patients despite the critical condition of the patients. Nursing is not an easy practice considering the challenges faced by practitioners in this field. The greatest part of nursing involves interaction with people of different personalities and characters suffering from a variety of diseases, some being communicable. Cultural, political, social, religious and gender diversity encompass the greatest challenges likely to be faced by nurses. In order to survive and remain active in this field, practitioners are expected to prove certain personal values. To start with, individuals serving in the field of nursing should be tolerant. For example, it will be hard for an intolerant nurse to provide adequate health care services to a harsh , abusive patient with very negative emotions. This requires a nurse to be empathetic and slow to anger. Nurses are also supposed to be supportive so that they can keep track with the progress of the patient during recovery and offer advice and encouragements along the way. For instance, in case of a patient suffering from a chronic disease or deadly disease like HIV/AIDS, the family members or even the patient may suffer mental and psychological distress. The support of nurses in such cases will involve thorough counseling and monitoring of drug dosage. Another personal value required of a nurse is being indiscriminate. A nurse should be ready to provide health care services to patients of all types and from different

Intervention In Early Childhood Education Essay

Intervention In Early Childhood Education Essay Studies have shown intervention in early childhood may be crucial for the development of a child. According to Siraj- Blatchford, it is believed that children who have access to early childhood care and education may fare better in their future development. Government bodies advocate for intervention in early childhood as they believe that children from poor background may have equal chance to move out of the poverty cycle through education. However, it may be challenging to provide quality early childhood care and education to combat poverty. The relevance of early childhood models, social and cultural context, co-ordination within families, communities and government bodies play an important role in developing appropriate intervention programme to help children in poverty reach their full potential in mental and social development (Siraj-Blatchford). Context ( what are the legislation UNCRC, ECEC, NGO, statistics on what is happening globally, definition of term) The context of poverty differs in developed and developing countries. Developing countries may refer to countries in Africa, South America and Asia where there is a lower standard of living, for example, in healthcare and education. In developing countries, some of which may be torn by wars and internal conflicts, children live in hunger, poor health and poor nutrition. In these countries, poverty may be translated to high infant and child mortality, lack of education and surviving on less than a dollar a day (Penn, 2005). Developing countries may receive fundings from non-governmental organizations such as World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organisation and United Nations to finance programs to bring the people out of the poverty cycle. According to Conleys human capital theory, investment in young children will bring the greatest return to society in the future. This is concurred in the human development case as explained in Siraj-Batchford, which states that intervention in early years will prevent loss of development potential in the children. Early childhood is a crucial period of development, poor health and nutrition which may arise out of poverty have negative consequences on the child. Early Childhood education and care (ECEC) has the potential to help children in poverty develop and equalize life chances. As such, much significance is given to ECEC in policies development globally. Developed countries may refer to the countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). In developed countries, some government measure poverty as family earning less than half of the median income. In other countries, poverty may refer to people who cannot make the minimum requirement which is need to love as set by their governments (Penn, 2005). Poverty in developed countries may arise as a result of migration. Statistics have shown that UK and USA has the highest child poverty rate (Wilkinson Pickett in the Spirit Level, 2009) and Penn , 2005. People may migrate to the cities to seek employment or to move from countries in conflict. Statistics has shown that 1 in 37 people in the world is a migrant in search of work (Penn, 2005). As they go to the cities to seek employment, they may end up in low-paid job and both parents may need employment. For some mothers who stayed with their children in their hometown, they may need to seek employment in their hometown. As such, demand for child care services increases. In developed countries, government invest in early childhood care and education on the understanding that people contribute to the nations wealth. The economic benefits generated from investment in ECEC will churn greater gains in the future as it will lower health and social risks, like crime rates. In return, it will improve childrens development which is translated to jobs skills and higher worker productivity in future ( Siraj-Blatchford) Another rationale for early intervention in ECEC is the social justice case. All people should be given equal chances in life. Government has a responsibility to ensure all people has the same rights to education. Moreover, it is through education that people learn the fundamental attitudes and values to do well (Siraj-Blatchford). United Nation Convention for Child Rights (UNCRC) and every child matters (2006) states that all children have a right to life and governments must ensure that all children survive and stay healthy. Countries which have adopt the UNCRC therefore advocate for early childhood intervention plan. Non-governmental organizations like World Bank, IMF, WTO also understand the significance of ECEC and provide fundings for ECEC programmes in developing countries. Discussion (start by telling about developed and developing world, brofenbrenner) Findings ( Critique for intervention) govt need to be more realistic in addressing chn needs Government may set up non-profit organization to provide ECEC for children, for example , Head start program, which provides large scale early childhood programme which shows significant short-term benefits. However, long term benefits are not clear (Garces). Research by Obama administration show it provides little benefits to the children. In addition, survey by the US government show there is lack of qualified staff and health care professionals which will have adverse effect on the development of the children. Inequality of quality and access as private sectors tend to cater to the affluent and not set up in poorer regions of the countries Challenges to ECEC in developed countries may include lack of funding, inadequate co-ordination of the agencies involved, quality of programme and lack of qualified staff (Waller, 2009). Another challenge in developed countries is that one of the objectives of ECEC is to enable women to have equal participation in the workforce and to enable chidlren to learn and socialize (Penn, 2005). Early intervention to curb poverty is not the main priority, as such, this is another reason why ECEC is left to private operators. In USA, ECEC is left to individual providers so the quality of care and education is variable and there is inequitable access to these services. Individual providers are also more likely to set up ECEC centres in urban areas and this may be incompatible with the government aim to provide quality education for all children. Starting strong describe the progress made by OECD countries to implementation of ECCE However, there are some successful ECCE model in other countries, such as Te Whariki in New Zealand. The curriculum includes content which meets the needs of the people in the cultural and social context. As such, it applies to the children in the setting. It is also true for Reggio Emilia, which is highly successful as it is based on the local context where it promotes communication between adults and children (Waller 2009). These ECEC models work in the place where they originated because it caters to the social and cultural context of the people. Evidence is highly specific to certain group and programme cant be transferred Although NGOs like World bank provide fundings to developing countries for education, their priority lies in primary education (Coraggio, 1996). ECEC programme were mostly operated by private entrepreneurs and community-based (Penn, 2008). In addition, these ECEC programme were adopted from ECEC models developed in the western countries. These models may not be relevant in the developing countries. Most NGOs, for example, World bank is seen to concur on research studies done by Western institutions on child development. Decision to invest in ECEC programmes have been based on the experiences and practices of ECEC in developed countries (Penn, 2005). Maynard and Thomas(2004) noted that ECEC is given low priority in government policies in developing countries and they are usually maintained by private sector, or NGOs. As a result, faces of the following problems, developing countries (using developed countries model in developing countries) Lowly qualified teachers Irrelevant curriculum Inappropriate assessment Taught in foreign language , eg Malawi has oral language Parents cant afford school fees, clothes, shoes Children too hungry to learn Chidlren needed to help at home Stigma of AIDS/HIV shun by communities As in the case of Malawi, the ECEC set up in rural areas are community-based with poor program and unqualified staff. In addition the stigma of AIDS keep some of the children ostracized and as a result did not attend ECEC. Furthermore, Malawi has only oral language so it is a challenge to teach literacy to the children (Clark Tucker, 2010). ECD (urban intl org) CBCC (community based) Developing countries ECEC may widen the gap for intergenerational poverty as poor children may not have access to ECEC. Studies in Peru show that 30% of children whose mother have low education do not attend ECEC (Woodhead). UNCRC set rules on child rights but countries may not adopt them Even for countries who adopt UNCRC, they may made ratifications which may go against the interest of the child, for example, education for girls in certain Islamic countries . However, it has been noted that ECEC brings changes to the child for example, in the case of Mother-Child Education Programme in Turkey (Bekman) which involves mothers, it brings positive changes in the childs key environment and relationship. Studies show that these children enjoy higher education which result in better employment. Arango et al concur ECEC alone does not help, need active involvement from families, communities and all stakeholders to make it successful PROMESA in Columbia. 20 evaluation of program in various countries in Africa, South America and Asia show positive results Conclusion Most of the ECEC models are developed in Western countries where their chidlren accounted for less than 10% of the popuation in the world (LeVine, 2008). As in Brofenbrenner theory, the family and community (environment) has direct and indirect impact on the development of the child. This is one of the reason ECEC models cant work in developing countries where the cultures and values are totally different from where they originated (Penn 2005). Family values in developing countries may be different from Developed countries and intervention in ECCE may not be relevant (video-Babies)As in the case of PROMESA, when the parents, teachers and community are involved in the programme, they have positive effect in the child and thus make the programme successful. This is also true in the mother-child education in Turkey. As such, steps have to be taken to modify the ECEC program to include local context and to take into account English is not the main language in some of these developing countries. It would be beneficial to train local workers to be qualified educarers as it would provide employment and at the same time to be able to impart relevant skills in local context. Governments and NGOs like UN, World Bank should place priority on early childhood education instead of Primary Education. Perhaps Article 28 of UNCRC should be changed to all children should have the right to education instead of primary education.

Essay --

Every business can operate because of five essential parts; Product creation, Marketing, Sales, Finance, and Delivery of your Product. Throughout this essay we will be juxtaposing the different aspects of the parts above and showing how each of them relate to capitalism and communism and how each of the essential parts can be shown differently through both capitalism and communism. Business varies extremely when in different environments and these two environments are drastically different and the most different environments that are possible. This essay will help understand how drastic the differences really are between the two markets. Communism Communism is a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. Capitalism Capitalism is an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state Product Creation Product creation is an extremely important part in business operations. This is how business stay in the competition and come up with the best products. All business have a product creation department so they can always have new products coming out and have a reliable source to make these products. Communism and Capitalism can influence this department of business operations immensely. The Communist standpoint of product creation would cause businesses to create few products and the need for new products in a quick and timely manner would slowly decrease to a low steady rate of product creation. The Communist standpoint of product creation would also have an extremely large impact on the prod... ...ry of the products to be essential. would differ greatly between the two types of markets, however the markets are similar in a few ways. Communism and capitalism both have to deliver their products in a timely manner to their consumers and stay organized so they can profit from the deliveries. Businesses would differ extremely due to the fact that communism and capitalism are very different forms of government. These five essential parts (Product creation, Marketing, Sales, Finance, and Delivery of your Product) are the key factors in business and these two markets cause these factors to differentiate between the two types of markets. These two environments caused businesses to re evaluate their ways of marketing and getting consumers to get the products. Capitalism is the most fluent system of marketing, but communism has some valid ways of marketing as well.

Compensation and Benefits Essay

Compensation and benefit plans are crucial to the achievements of the company. Job seekers look for the best job opportunity and compensation and benefits play a major role in the decision-making process. Compensation involves how employees are paid, hourly or salary, and benefits involve the type of medical, dental, vision and various plans offered such as a 401K for retirement. Organizations typically maximize in productivity with their business practices by providing benefits to their employees. Benefits usually attract candidates with paramount talent and experience that will lead the firm to the competitive advantage. Compensation and benefits may be a measurement tool for the effects of productivity, company growth, and success. The effects could indirectly change the recruitment and retention of labor. The allusion of the plan is for workers to believe the compensation plan is reasonable and fair (Cascio, 2010). Managers should incorporate cross-training to engage employees to excel in performing their job duties at the highest levels for the best outcome (Cascio, 2010). The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) established in 1938 set the standards for exempt and non-exempt positions. The FLSA ascertains the standards for minimum wage, recordkeeping, overtime pay ,and the standards for youth workers and how it affects worker in the private sector according to local, state, and federal guidelines. Effective July 24, 2009 non-exempt workers will receive no less than $7. 25 per hour. Exempt staff will not receive overtime pay; however, non-exempt workers will receive one hour and half of pay after 40 hours per week when required to work overtime. Management positions, such as administrative and professional staff, sales personnel, and IT staff classified as exempt.

Animal Farm Essays

Animal Farm Essays Animal Farm Essay Animal Farm Essay The world is constantly changing and transforming into a higher and more complex state of being. As the seasons change, the mood of the trees and grass are effected as one. This philosophy of the world revolving, always leads to the question; why this sudden change? In Animal Farm by George Orwell, the character representing Joseph Stalin, gradually evolves into a dictator of his own kind. Napoleon, who is a husky berkshire- boar, takes command of the rest of the animals, and effects the life of his comrades. Napoleon increasingly became more and more like a human dictator, making it as if Snowball, Leon Trotsky, never existed. Modifying, and manipulating the standard commandments, Napoleon makes the farm his own. â€Å"All men are enemies. All animals are comrades. † (pg. 9) This is the basis for Napoleons drive to rid the human race, and build the animals strive for power. Napoleon begins to realize that he must create this change for the benefit of the animals. Napoleon disagrees with almost all of Snowballs decisions, and yet tries to overtake the humans as well. With all of the contrasting thoughts about what to do next, Napoleon decides to overthrow Snowball, and monitor animal farm. By doing this, he has made himself one step closer to gaining power over everyone. The animals now see that Napoleon is the one that makes all changes. Napoleon begins to educate the animals, teaching them to read and write. During the time that Snowball was along side Napoleon, the seven commandments were created to set down the animals restrictions. As these are formed, Napoleon hypocrites these commandments, by having them â€Å"improved† by Squealer. As progress begins to take way, Napoleon seems to be putting the blame on Snowball for every opposing event that takes place. Considering Snowball is no longer part of animal farm, Napoleon and Squealer decide to make him the common enemy. Dictatorship is taking over morals, with these actions. The windmill that was created, was originally the idea of Snowball, yet as soon as Snowball is exiled, Napoleon takes the responsibility of making it his idea. Later, the windmill is destroyed by a vigorous storm; once again Napoleon puts the blame on Snowball. The other animals, being uneducated and gullible, believe any word that Napoleon says. Napoleon has manipulated the use of power, and has already made it so that the animals are worthy to him. Along with him abusing his power, he consistently changes the commandments, with the help of Squealer; who puts forth the argument that anything Napoleon says is for the good of the animals. â€Å"Curiously enough, Clover had not remembered that the Fourth Commandment mentioned sheets; but as it was there on the wall, it must have done so. † (pg. 47) As Napoleon gains more power, the commandments are revised, without the consent of the animals, or without them even realizing it. Towards the end of the book, it is clear that Napoleon has total dictatorship over animal farm. He is rarely seen in public; when he is, he is surrounded by dogs. â€Å"No question now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which. † (pg. 117) Even though the animals strived to be animals with reason, they end up being more like humans then they began with. Power has corrupted the value of life for these animals and in the end, Napoleon ends up to be more human- like then Mr. Jones. Napoleon adapts these human habits, of drinking and being careless, and the strive to get freedom from humans is diminished. In the book Animal Farm by George Orwell, the character representing Joseph Stalin becomes a dictator over time, and corrupts the power that he holds. The animals seek freedom from humans, yet end up being more human than ever. The morals of the animals lives become increasingly more like the humans world then they expected. The world constantly evolves into something better or worse, knowing the change would create no value to life. Change, is the world becoming developed, but can change always be beneficial? animal farm Essays animal farm Paper animal farm Paper Essay Topic: Animal Farm The purpose of a revolution, as history has shown, is to fight some sort of political or social injustice suffered by a group of the general public. Typically a minority of the population, in search of a better lifestyle fights back against the oppression they have been forced to endure. History is full of countless examples of this. Two such notable revolutions are the French and Russian movements, though they occurred at completely different time periods they share common similarities.Many times in the course of a revolution the initial goals of the revolting group are enjoyed and for a short period of time a general sense of accomplishment is felt by the induction of new ideas. However as seen in the French and Russian revolutions the leadership that was so strongly opposed is returned to power with little change noted on the surface. Author George Orwell in his recent novel Animal Farmwrites a very effective political allegory of not only the Russian Revolution but of movemen ts of the same nature. So transparent are the obvious links to the revolution that it took the acclaimed author several publisher rejections, including his own, to finally find one who would publish his book.Included in the reasons for rejection were the fear of the impact on wartime needs and policies, and the opinion that Orwells satirical view was to strong given the present political climate.None the less the novel was published by Frederic Warburg, and rightfully so, as the tale of the Animal Farm is written to almost perfection and has been called by many one of the best written books of our time. The Russian revolution is one of the only revolutions in history that can be compared to the French revolution in size and outcome.Orwells impression of such a movement seems to be clouded by his negative interpretation of the actions of those in power.Animal Farms use of satirical attacks on the rev

Catcher in the Rye Manifesto Essay Example

Catcher in the Rye Manifesto Essay Example Catcher in the Rye Manifesto Paper Catcher in the Rye Manifesto Paper Essay Topic: The Catcher in the Rye In The Rye is my favorite book. I have read It more than any other work of literature, and Im a literature major. I have read classic upon classic, but no other work has captured me the way Catcher has managed to. In the light of J. D. Challengers death many of my friends have, upon my recommendation, endeavored to read the famous work. To my dismay, most have returned with the response, I dont get it, or I cant say I liked it, and perhaps I should have given them forewarning. Catcher is not in any way a feel good book. The result after reading it is not a sense of satisfaction. In fact, it leaves the reader feeling somewhat the same way the main character, Holder, ends up, which Is a bit broken and confused, unsure of the future and what to make of It all. In the end Holder Is in a Psychiatric facility where a psychoanalyst asks him if Hess going to apply himself when he goes back to school. Holders response is, Its such a stupid question, in my opinion. I mean how do you know what youre going to do until you do it This single line sums up the entire feel of the book. Holder doesnt know what he will do, what he wants to do, he is perpetually at a loss to his place In the world. The story does not follow the traditional fiction arch either. This arch seeks to move a character or situation from one state to another to effect change, basically where the story builds to a dramatic high note and resolves in a nice tidy bow. Actually, the story is remarkably one note. It is not really a story in any The Art of Fiction sort of way it is what I would call simply A moment. It is a tale of a sixteen-year-old boy, who despite his status being white, male, strait, sophisticated, and rich, does not fit into the asses world around him. From the very beginning Holder Is cast as the wanderer, the loner, an Isolated Individual. He has been kicked out of yet another school, and does not yet belong at home. The setting of the story Is what happens when a young boy is cast off into the world and left to his own devices with no responsibility and no attachments. Holders character is complex, and the reader develops a sort of love hate relationship with him. On one hand he lies, uses foul language, gets poor grades, is sometimes irrational, and on the other hand he is sensitive, smart, cares for others, respects women, and seeks to preserve innocence. While some may call him an unreliable narrator, one cannot help but share In his particular view of the world. When reading catcher you feel as If youre In on the real story. Its a unique relationship the reader has with Holder. Its as if you are getting to read his Journal. He shares everything, not Just telling you what he does, but what he really thinks. He tells you all the stuff nobody ever says out loud. He tells you the truth of how he sees things, and In that there is credibility. There are other reasons the book holds appeal for me, and so many others. The spirit of the book is much the name as the American Split, young, defiant, truth loving. It Is a modern version of Tom Sawyer or Hack Finn. Holders character also appeals to people because he is able to rebel and get away with it, in a way that in reality, most of us feel we never could. Part of the appeal is the fantasy of being a rebel with out a cause. A reviewer has described the book as Emotional without being sentimental, dramatic without being melodramatic, and honest without simply being obscene. Holder Is confused about his place In the large scheme of things and continues to speak to and for those no Tell ten same way. Basically ten summary Is you nave a CIO, won Is unhappy with life and the way the world works, and he doesnt really know why, but he knows he doesnt really fit in. He doesnt really care about the things other people care about football games, school, or the future. He sees these things as trivial, but its what the world says is important. So, what do you do if youre the person who cant care about what other people tell you is important Holder lives in the moment good moments, bad moments, he Just takes them as they come. He admits that sometimes he Just goes things on impulse, and he doesnt know why he does them, other than it seemed like a good idea at the time. Part of the reason people find Holders character unappealing is that he often lies to those around him, but most often he lies to protect people, to protect the delusions they have of the world. For example, the woman on the bus Mrs.. Morrow, whose son Ernie went to school at Pence. Holder thinks her son is doubtless the biggest bastard that ever went to Pence, but he tells Mrs.. Morrow what a great guy her son is, and makes up a whole flattering tale about Ernie. Another example is with his history professor Mr.. Spencer. The whole scene is Holder sitting in Spencer home, being talked to by the professor about his poor academic performance. Holder tells the reader things like I had to sit there and listen to that crap, but tells the professor lies because he doesnt want to hurt the guys feelings. Holder does not let people completely off the hook with regards to their delusions. He Judges them for it, calls them phony. Deep down he cant believe that others are not seeing the truth. He thinks they deny it, cover it up, or are really too ignorant and stupid to see the truth. He believes the closer one gets to adult DOD the more of a phony they become. That is why he wants to be the catcher in the rye, catching all the children before they go off the cliff, or rather before they loose their innocence. I can divide the world into two groups people who get Catcher In The Rye, and people who dont. Its not necessarily a negative thing to be in the latter group. It probably means you are relatively happy, content, and feel a sense of belonging. Catcher speaks to discontent, rebellion, disillusionment. Its rawness is the rawness of one laid open without shame.

Just answer the fellowing questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Just answer the fellowing questions - Essay Example Although most of the raw materials used by Samsung are manufactured in South Korea, the company also imports materials from other countries most notably the US. The company has a factory in Texas that manufactures semiconductors that are also used in the production of Apples’ iPhones and iPads. Once the product is assembled, it is packed and shipped to various Samsung wholesale stores. Retailers purchase the product from these stores before selling it to the consumer. On 1st December 2014, the New York Times published an article that highlighted China’s resolve to deny British MPs entry to Hon Kong. According to the article, the government of China has taken this step because of concerns over British attitude toward the ongoing protests in Hong Kong. Britain, on the other hand, feels that it has a responsibility of overseeing a democratic ruling of Hong Kong as per the provisions of the 1984 agreement between China and Britain (Perlez 1). The author of the article avoids adopting an orientalist explanation by withholding his opinion. To achieve this, the author focuses on reporting the situation with little evaluation. The author, therefore, leaves it to his readers to make a decision on whether the government of China is right to deny British MPs entry to Hong Kong. Orientalism is however evidenced by British lawmakers resolve to be allowed entry to Hong Kong. Terming the action by the Chinese government as â€Å"overtly confrontational, † Mr. Ottaway, a British lawmaker, does not seem to believe in China’s ability to handle the protests in Hong Kong (Perlez 1). Germany is one of the largest countries in Europe in terms of geographic area and population. Its neighbors include among other countries Belgium and France. While Germany’s international boundary with Belgium is relatively streamlined with little meanders, the country’s boundary with France seems to advance into Germany’s territory. One of the possible

Complacent Employee, Sharon B. Buchbinder Case Study

Complacent Employee, Sharon B. Buchbinder - Case Study Example He feels beleaguered with all the busy schedule and work load and believes that his work is loved by all teachers and students. He works for long hours and stays at school till late hours to attend to all the needs and requirements of the students in the school. He is dedicated to his work assisting troubled kids and at times their families. His office is often filled with kids that need to be psychological assistance and are troubled from problem arising from either at school or home. This case involves Miller, who is satisfied with is work being fired by the administration because it aims to cut down on its cut backs and budgets. It is during one of this session that he receives an unexpected visitor. The unexpected visitor was his Boss miss Harriet who rarely visited. It was the first time for her to come to Miller’s office. When, he saw her miller immediately suspected that something was amiss. Her visits to the elementary school were always brief as she only greeted and a t times grinned to people and left the premises shortly after. However in this occasion she had something, to share with Miller and, he suspected that it was something serious. According to Miller his job entailed counseling troubled kids and ensuring that they did not end up in any stupid act. For instance, the kid he was tending to shortly before Harriet arrived was threatening to kill herself by taking several pills (Buchbinder, 380). Although, Miller was a hard worker and concentrated fully on his main task of counseling he was wrong on ignoring other prescriptions of his work. The job entitled him to write reports to administration to illustrate his contribution to the school. However, he ignored this thus leading to the administration to conclude that he was doing nothing. Although he explains to his boss that he is industrious, and works for lengthy hours he was wrong to ignore writing of reports which was significant to the administration. By ignoring his duties, and assumin g the reports could wait was wrong. Bob also assumed that the reports meant for the superiors were unnecessary (Buchbinder, 379). This was detrimental to his career because part of the consequence would be him losing his job. Without those reports, this was because his superiors could not know whether he was performing his duties but assume that he was sitting at his desk doing nothing. The administration way of assessing its employees is ineffective. This is because no one supervises Bob or requests for the reports. This indicates the weakness of the school administration. It does not have a personal touch with it employees thus leading to the situation such as Bob’s. It is only ethical that when someone makes a mistake mostly in the working place, they should be warned at least once before firing them. It came as a shock to Bob when the news of his lay off was broken to him as he was not aware. Everything was done in a short notice that did not even prepare him psychologica lly. Bad news, such as a person losing a job is not something that should be done in a hurried manner, for they might cause serious repercussions (Sims, 1). The administration should have at least notified its employees of the planned layoffs. This was unfair to the employees such as Bob who are left jobless without an arranged plan B. Using a short notice to fire puts Bob in a peculiar position as he believes he has devoted his life to labor for the school; thus he deserves a decent treatment despite his flaws. It is also disheartening to discover that the administration has already lined up a replacement for Bob even before he has left. The administration has already hired the services of a part-time psychologist from Melville middle School to take Bob’s position (Buchbinder, 380). However, it is true that Bob’